Calculate force from mass and acceleration using F = m × a.
Calculate weight force from mass and gravitational acceleration using W = m × g.
Calculate the one-dimensional restoring force using F = −k × x, where x is displacement from equilibrium.
Calculate the net inward force required for circular motion using F = m × v² / r, with a positive radius.
Calculate the maximum static friction magnitude using Fmax = μs × N; actual static friction may be lower.
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